Heterogeneous flow¶
The best way to run foxes
calculations on heterogeneous background flow fields is by providing them in netCDF
format. They should contain the following coordinates:
A state coordinate, e.g.
Time
(expected by default) orstate
, or similarA height coordinate, e.g.
height
(expected by default) orh
, or similarA
y
coordinate, e.g.UTMY
(expected by default) ory
, or similarA
x
coordinate, e.g.UTMX
(expected by default) orx
, or similar
The file may contain any kind of foxes
variables as data fields, e.g.:
Wind speed data, e.g.
WS
(expected by default, if claimed as output variable),ws
or similarWind direction data, e.g.
WD
(expected by default, if claimed as output variable),wd
or similarTurbulence intensity data, e.g.
TI
(expected by default, if claimed as output variable),ti
or similarAir density data, e.g.
RHO
(expected by default, if claimed as output variable),rho
or similar
All data must depend on the state coordinate, and may depend on the others.
These are the required imports for this example:
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import foxes
import foxes.variables as FV
import foxes.constants as FC
One very simple example for netCDF
type data is provided in the static data, under the name wind_rotation.nc
. It contains two states, two heights, and simple 2 x 2 horizontal data that describes identical wind speeds at all four corner points associated with different wind direction values. It can be loaded as follows:
In [2]:
states = foxes.input.states.FieldDataNC(
data_source="wind_rotation.nc",
states_coord="state",
x_coord="x",
y_coord="y",
h_coord="h",
time_format=None,
output_vars=[FV.WS, FV.WD, FV.TI, FV.RHO],
var2ncvar={FV.WS: "ws", FV.WD: "wd"},
fixed_vars={FV.RHO: 1.225, FV.TI: 0.1},
pre_load=True,
bounds_error=False,
)
States 'FieldDataNC': Reading data from '/home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/states/wind_rotation.nc'
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitGroomNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeGranularBitRoundNumberOfSignificantDigits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 1:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
Note that it is recommended that the states
object should be created outside the DaskRunner
when working with NetCFD input.
Now back to our example. Let’s place a simple 3 x 3 grid wind farm inside the data domain, which is a rectangle between (0, 0)
and (2500, 2500)
:
In [3]:
farm = foxes.WindFarm()
foxes.input.farm_layout.add_grid(
farm,
xy_base=np.array([500.0, 500.0]),
step_vectors=np.array([[500.0, 0], [0, 500.0]]),
steps=(3, 3),
turbine_models=["NREL5MW"],
verbosity=0,
)
The streamline following wakes are realized by selecting a wake frame
that is an instance of foxes.models.wake_frames.Streamlines
, e.g. the model streamlines_100
in the model book. This model has a streamline step size of 100 m:
In [4]:
mbook = foxes.ModelBook()
algo = foxes.algorithms.Downwind(
mbook,
farm,
states=states,
rotor_model="grid16",
wake_models=["Jensen_linear_k007"],
wake_frame="streamlines_100",
partial_wakes_model="auto",
chunks={FC.STATE: 1000, FC.POINT: 4000},
verbosity=0,
)
We run the algorithm, once explicitely for calculating the wind farm data, and once implicitely when creating horizontal flow plots:
In [5]:
farm_results = algo.calc_farm()
fr = farm_results.to_dataframe()
print(fr[[FV.WD, FV.AMB_REWS, FV.REWS, FV.AMB_P, FV.P]])
o = foxes.output.FlowPlots2D(algo, farm_results)
for fig in o.gen_states_fig_xy(
FV.WS,
resolution=10,
figsize=(8, 8),
quiver_pars=dict(angles="xy", scale_units="xy", scale=0.07),
quiver_n=15,
xspace=1000,
yspace=1000,
):
plt.show()
plt.close(fig)
WD AMB_REWS REWS AMB_P P
state turbine
0 0 201.158092 7.491089 7.491089 1474.211367 1474.211367
1 208.044994 7.673386 7.673386 1580.523022 1580.523022
2 214.523994 7.960601 7.960601 1748.171047 1748.171047
3 218.242345 6.867297 6.867297 1127.597810 1127.597810
4 222.297880 7.283373 7.283373 1352.715530 1352.715530
5 225.899315 7.731909 6.808657 1614.607085 1101.211997
6 236.751304 6.932726 6.932726 1156.958672 1156.958672
7 237.139685 7.375640 6.142662 1406.547918 801.751505
8 237.484049 7.818854 6.381124 1665.347000 908.970303
1 0 20.311353 6.703701 5.746596 1054.871543 653.807377
1 26.259090 6.995899 5.857833 1185.898485 690.639688
2 31.676969 7.357075 7.357075 1396.122949 1396.122949
3 44.537113 5.352448 5.352448 521.748653 521.748653
4 47.447853 5.960030 5.917024 724.421405 710.071241
5 49.815208 6.580130 6.580130 998.581195 998.581195
6 75.462887 5.352662 5.352662 521.621921 521.621921
7 72.552147 5.960214 5.960214 724.363478 724.363478
8 70.184792 6.580285 6.580285 998.552663 998.552663

