Dynamic wakes 1¶
Spatially homogeneous wake propagation¶
For spatially homogeneous timeseries input data, foxes can compute dynamic wake propagation. This in principle works by following a flow trace backwards in time for each point of interest, and identifying it with a wake trajectory if it hits a rotor.
Since all foxes computations are based on chunks of input states, this concept only works if
either all states fall into a single chunk,
or the
Iterativealgorithm is used for the calculation.
The later is necessary in case the wake originates from a state previous to the chunk of evaluation, since the default Downwind algorithm does not allow cross-chunk communication during the calculation.
These are the inlcudes for this example:
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams["animation.html"] = "jshtml"
import foxes
import foxes.variables as FV
import foxes.constants as FC
We create a case with a regular 3 x 3 wind farm layout:
In [2]:
states = foxes.input.states.Timeseries(
data_source="timeseries_100.csv.gz",
output_vars=[FV.WS, FV.WD, FV.TI, FV.RHO],
var2col={FV.WS: "ws", FV.WD: "wd", FV.TI: "ti"},
fixed_vars={FV.RHO: 1.225, FV.TI: 0.07},
)
farm = foxes.WindFarm()
foxes.input.farm_layout.add_grid(
farm,
xy_base=np.array([0.0, 0.0]),
step_vectors=np.array([[1000.0, 0], [0, 800.0]]),
steps=(3, 3),
turbine_models=["DTU10MW"],
verbosity=0
)
algo = foxes.algorithms.Iterative(
farm,
states,
rotor_model="grid25",
wake_models=["Bastankhah2014_linear_k004"],
wake_frame="timelines",
partial_wakes="rotor_points",
chunks={FC.STATE: 500, FC.POINT: 5000},
verbosity=1
)
Notice the wake frame choice timelines, which is a pre-defined instance of the class Timelines from the model book.
Let’s run the wind farm calculation:
In [3]:
with foxes.utils.runners.DaskRunner() as runner:
farm_results = runner.run(algo.calc_farm)
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 0
Initializing algorithm 'Iterative'
Initializing model 'Iterative'
Initializing model 'Timeseries'
States 'Timeseries': Reading static data 'timeseries_100.csv.gz' from context 'states'
Path: /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/states/timeseries_100.csv.gz
Initializing model 'grid25'
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl_prer'
Initializing model 'DTU10MW'
Turbine type 'DTU10MW': Reading static data from context 'power_ct_curve'
Path: /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/power_ct_curves/DTU-10MW-D178d3-H119.csv
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl_postr'
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl'
Initializing model 'timelines'
timelines: Pre-calculating ambient wind vectors
Initializing model 'WakeK'
Initializing model 'Madsen'
Initializing model 'Bastankhah2014_linear_k004'
Initializing model 'rotor_points'
--------------------------------------------------
Running Iterative: calc_farm
--------------------------------------------------
n_states : 100
n_turbines: 9
--------------------------------------------------
states : Timeseries()
rotor : GridRotor(n=5)
controller: BasicFarmController()
wake frame: Timelines(dt_min=None)
--------------------------------------------------
wakes:
0) Bastankhah2014_linear_k004: Bastankhah2014(ws_linear, induction=Madsen, k=0.04)
--------------------------------------------------
partial wakes:
0) Bastankhah2014_linear_k004: rotor_points, RotorPoints()
--------------------------------------------------
turbine models:
0) DTU10MW: PCtFile(D=178.3, H=119.0, P_nominal=10000.0, P_unit=kW, rho=1.225, var_ws_ct=REWS2, var_ws_P=REWS3)
--------------------------------------------------
Initializing model 'InitFarmData'
Initializing model 'SetAmbFarmResults'
Initializing model 'FarmWakesCalculation'
Initializing model 'Iterative_calc'
--------------------------------------------------
Model oder
--------------------------------------------------
00) basic_ctrl
01) InitFarmData
02) grid25
03) basic_ctrl
03.0) Post-rotor: DTU10MW
04) SetAmbFarmResults
05) FarmWakesCalculation
--------------------------------------------------
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.37 ms
Input data:
<xarray.Dataset> Size: 11kB
Dimensions: (state: 100, turbine: 9, Timeseries_vars: 2, tmodels: 1)
Coordinates:
* state (state) datetime64[ns] 800B 2023-07-07T12:00:00 ... 2023...
* Timeseries_vars (Timeseries_vars) <U2 16B 'WD' 'WS'
* tmodels (tmodels) <U7 28B 'DTU10MW'
Dimensions without coordinates: turbine
Data variables:
weight (state, turbine) float64 7kB dask.array<chunksize=(100, 9), meta=np.ndarray>
Timeseries_data (state, Timeseries_vars) float64 2kB dask.array<chunksize=(100, 2), meta=np.ndarray>
tmodel_sels (state, turbine, tmodels) bool 900B dask.array<chunksize=(100, 9, 1), meta=np.ndarray>
Farm variables: AMB_CT, AMB_P, AMB_REWS, AMB_REWS2, AMB_REWS3, AMB_RHO, AMB_TI, AMB_WD, AMB_YAW, CT, D, H, P, REWS, REWS2, REWS3, RHO, TI, WD, X, Y, YAW, order, order_inv, order_ssel, weight
Output variables: AMB_CT, AMB_P, AMB_REWS, AMB_REWS2, AMB_REWS3, AMB_RHO, AMB_TI, AMB_WD, AMB_YAW, CT, D, H, P, REWS, REWS2, REWS3, RHO, TI, WD, X, Y, YAW, order, order_inv, order_ssel, weight
Chunks: {'state': 500, 'point': 5000, 'target': 5000}
Calculating 100 states for 9 turbines
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 606.33 ms
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 1
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.56 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 608.54 ms
DefaultConv: Convergence check
REWS: delta = 2.404e-01, lim = 1.000e-06 -- FAILED
TI : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
CT : delta = 3.205e-03, lim = 1.000e-07 -- FAILED
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 2
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.39 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 607.59 ms
DefaultConv: Convergence check
REWS: delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-06 -- OK
TI : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
CT : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
Algorithm Iterative: Convergence reached.
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.24 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.97 ms
Notice the iterations and the convergence behaviour. Now the farm results are ready:
In [4]:
farm_df = farm_results.to_dataframe()
print("\nFarm results data:\n")
print(farm_df[[FV.AMB_REWS, FV.REWS, FV.P]])
Farm results data:
AMB_REWS REWS P
state turbine
2023-07-07 12:00:00 0 6.0 6.000000 1532.700000
1 6.0 6.000000 1532.700000
2 6.0 6.000000 1532.700000
3 6.0 4.806876 702.119290
4 6.0 4.806876 702.119290
... ... ... ...
2023-07-07 13:39:00 4 6.0 4.806876 702.119290
5 6.0 4.806876 702.119290
6 6.0 4.458187 521.551842
7 6.0 4.458187 521.551842
8 6.0 4.458187 521.551842
[900 rows x 3 columns]
This timeseries has a time step of 1 minute. Let’s visualize the wake dynamics in am animation:
In [5]:
with foxes.utils.runners.DaskRunner() as runner:
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(5.2,7),
gridspec_kw={'height_ratios': [3, 1]})
anim = foxes.output.Animator(fig)
# this adds the flow anomation to the upper panel:
of = foxes.output.FlowPlots2D(algo, farm_results, runner=runner)
anim.add_generator(
of.gen_states_fig_xy(
FV.WS,
resolution=30,
quiver_pars=dict(scale=0.013),
quiver_n=35,
xmax=5000,
ymax=5000,
fig=fig,
ax=axs[0],
vmin=0,
vmax=6,
title=None,
ret_im=True,
animated=True,
)
)
# This adds the REWS signal animation to the lower panel:
o = foxes.output.FarmResultsEval(farm_results)
anim.add_generator(
o.gen_stdata(
turbines=[4, 7],
variable=FV.REWS,
fig=fig,
ax=axs[1],
ret_im=True,
legloc="upper left",
animated=True,
)
)
# This adds turbine indices at turbine positions:
lo = foxes.output.FarmLayoutOutput(farm)
lo.get_figure(
fig=fig,
ax=axs[0],
title="",
annotate=1,
anno_delx=-120,
anno_dely=-60,
alpha=0,
)
ani = anim.animate()
plt.close()
print("done.")
print("Creating animation")
ani
Creating animation data
States 'Timeseries': Reading file /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/states/timeseries_100.csv.gz
done.
Creating animation
Out[5]:
For the fun of it, let’s re-run this case assuming the time step was 10 s instead of 1 min. We can do so by using the wake frame Timelines(dt_min=1/6), which is called timelines_10s in the model book:
In [6]:
algo.finalize(clear_mem=True)
algo = foxes.algorithms.Iterative(
farm,
states,
rotor_model="grid25",
wake_models=["Bastankhah2014_linear_k004"],
wake_frame="timelines_10s",
partial_wakes="rotor_points",
chunks={FC.STATE: 500, FC.POINT: 5000},
verbosity=1
)
with foxes.utils.runners.DaskRunner() as runner:
farm_results = runner.run(algo.calc_farm)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(5.2,7),
gridspec_kw={'height_ratios': [3, 1]})
anim = foxes.output.Animator(fig)
# this adds the flow anomation to the upper panel:
of = foxes.output.FlowPlots2D(algo, farm_results, runner=runner)
anim.add_generator(
of.gen_states_fig_xy(
FV.WS,
resolution=30,
quiver_pars=dict(scale=0.013),
quiver_n=35,
xmax=5000,
ymax=5000,
fig=fig,
ax=axs[0],
vmin=0,
vmax=6,
title=lambda si, s: f"t = {si/6:3.2f} min",
ret_im=True,
animated=True,
)
)
# This adds the REWS signal animation to the lower panel:
o = foxes.output.FarmResultsEval(farm_results)
anim.add_generator(
o.gen_stdata(
turbines=[4, 7],
variable=FV.REWS,
fig=fig,
ax=axs[1],
ret_im=True,
legloc="upper left",
animated=True,
)
)
# This adds turbine indices at turbine positions:
lo = foxes.output.FarmLayoutOutput(farm)
lo.get_figure(
fig=fig,
ax=axs[0],
title="",
annotate=1,
anno_delx=-120,
anno_dely=-60,
alpha=0,
)
ani = anim.animate()
plt.close()
print("done.")
print("Creating animation")
ani
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 0
Initializing algorithm 'Iterative'
Initializing model 'Iterative'
Initializing model 'Timeseries'
States 'Timeseries': Reading file /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/states/timeseries_100.csv.gz
Initializing model 'grid25'
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl_prer'
Initializing model 'DTU10MW'
Turbine type 'DTU10MW': Reading static data from context 'power_ct_curve'
Path: /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/power_ct_curves/DTU-10MW-D178d3-H119.csv
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl_postr'
Initializing model 'basic_ctrl'
Initializing model 'timelines_10s'
timelines_10s: Pre-calculating ambient wind vectors
Initializing model 'WakeK_instance1'
Initializing model 'Madsen'
Initializing model 'Bastankhah2014_linear_k004'
Initializing model 'rotor_points'
--------------------------------------------------
Running Iterative: calc_farm
--------------------------------------------------
n_states : 100
n_turbines: 9
--------------------------------------------------
states : Timeseries()
rotor : GridRotor(n=5)
controller: BasicFarmController()
wake frame: Timelines(dt_min=0.16666666666666666)
--------------------------------------------------
wakes:
0) Bastankhah2014_linear_k004: Bastankhah2014(ws_linear, induction=Madsen, k=0.04)
--------------------------------------------------
partial wakes:
0) Bastankhah2014_linear_k004: rotor_points, RotorPoints()
--------------------------------------------------
turbine models:
0) DTU10MW: PCtFile(D=178.3, H=119.0, P_nominal=10000.0, P_unit=kW, rho=1.225, var_ws_ct=REWS2, var_ws_P=REWS3)
--------------------------------------------------
Initializing model 'InitFarmData_instance1'
Initializing model 'SetAmbFarmResults_instance1'
Initializing model 'FarmWakesCalculation_instance3'
Initializing model 'Iterative_calc'
--------------------------------------------------
Model oder
--------------------------------------------------
00) basic_ctrl
01) InitFarmData_instance1
02) grid25
03) basic_ctrl
03.0) Post-rotor: DTU10MW
04) SetAmbFarmResults_instance1
05) FarmWakesCalculation_instance3
--------------------------------------------------
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 102.20 ms
Input data:
<xarray.Dataset> Size: 11kB
Dimensions: (state: 100, turbine: 9, Timeseries_vars: 2, tmodels: 1)
Coordinates:
* state (state) datetime64[ns] 800B 2023-07-07T12:00:00 ... 2023...
* Timeseries_vars (Timeseries_vars) <U2 16B 'WD' 'WS'
* tmodels (tmodels) <U7 28B 'DTU10MW'
Dimensions without coordinates: turbine
Data variables:
weight (state, turbine) float64 7kB dask.array<chunksize=(100, 9), meta=np.ndarray>
Timeseries_data (state, Timeseries_vars) float64 2kB dask.array<chunksize=(100, 2), meta=np.ndarray>
tmodel_sels (state, turbine, tmodels) bool 900B dask.array<chunksize=(100, 9, 1), meta=np.ndarray>
Farm variables: AMB_CT, AMB_P, AMB_REWS, AMB_REWS2, AMB_REWS3, AMB_RHO, AMB_TI, AMB_WD, AMB_YAW, CT, D, H, P, REWS, REWS2, REWS3, RHO, TI, WD, X, Y, YAW, order, order_inv, order_ssel, weight
Output variables: AMB_CT, AMB_P, AMB_REWS, AMB_REWS2, AMB_REWS3, AMB_RHO, AMB_TI, AMB_WD, AMB_YAW, CT, D, H, P, REWS, REWS2, REWS3, RHO, TI, WD, X, Y, YAW, order, order_inv, order_ssel, weight
Chunks: {'state': 500, 'point': 5000, 'target': 5000}
Calculating 100 states for 9 turbines
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 809.46 ms
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 1
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.07 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 841.59 ms
DefaultConv: Convergence check
REWS: delta = 2.414e-01, lim = 1.000e-06 -- FAILED
TI : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
CT : delta = 3.216e-03, lim = 1.000e-07 -- FAILED
Algorithm Iterative: Iteration 2
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.29 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 1.02 s
DefaultConv: Convergence check
REWS: delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-06 -- OK
TI : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
CT : delta = 0.000e+00, lim = 1.000e-07 -- OK
Algorithm Iterative: Convergence reached.
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 101.43 ms
[########################################] | 100% Completed | 102.22 ms
Creating animation data
States 'Timeseries': Reading file /home/jonas/gits/wakes/foxes/foxes/data/states/timeseries_100.csv.gz
done.
Creating animation
Out[6]: